A
Abba, G. (1999). Robot dynamic modeling using a power flow approach with application to biped locomotion. AUTONOMOUS ROBOTS 6, 39-52.
Abbas, J. J. and Chizeck, H. J. (1995). Neural network control of functional neuromuscular stimulation systems: computer simulation studies. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering 42, 1117-1127.
Abbott, B. C. and Lowy, J. (1956). Mechanical properties of Pinna adductor muscle. J. mar. biol. Ass U. K. 35, 521-530.
Abbott, B. C. and Lowy, J. (1956). Resting tension in snail muscle. Nature 178, 147-148.
Abbott, B. C. and Lowy, J. (1958). Mechanical properties of Helix and Mytilus muscle. J. Physiol. 141, 398-407.
Abbott, B. C. and Parnas, I. (1965). Electrical and mechanical responses in deep abdominal extensor muscles of crayfish and lobster. J. Gen. Physiol. 48, 919-931.
Abdel-Aziz, Y. I. and Karara, H. M. (1971). Direct linear transformation from comparator coordinates into object space coordinates in close-range photogrammetry. In U. of Illinois Symposium on Close-Range Photogrammetry Jan. 26-29, pp. 1-18. Urbana, Ill.
Adamczewska, A. and Morris, S. (1998). Strategies for migration in the terrestrial Christmas Island red crab Gecarcoidea natalis: Intermittent versus continuous locomotion. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY 201, 3221-3231.
Adamczewska, A. M. and Morris, S. (1994). Exercise in the terrestrial Christmas island red crab gecarcoidea natalis II. Energetics of locomotion. J.exp. Biol. 188, 257-274.
Adrian, M. J. and Cooper, J. M. (1989). Biomechanics of Human Movement, pp. 772. Indianapolis: Benchmark Press, Inc.
Ahn, A., Weinstein, R. B. and Full, R. J. (1991). Increased temperature and water loss decrease performance of the ghost crab. Amer. Zool. 31, 141A.
Ahsanullah, M. and Newell, R. C. (1977). The effects of humidity and temperature on water loss in Carcinus maenas (L) and Portunus marmoreus (Leach). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A 56, 593-601.
Aidley, D. J. (1975). Excitation-contraction coupling and mechanical properties. In Insect Muscle (ed. P. N. R. Usherwood), pp. 337-356. London: Academic Press.
Aidley, D. J. (1978). The Physiology of Excitable Cells. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Aidley, D. J. (1985). Muscular contraction. In Comprehensive Insect Physiology, Biochemistry, and Pharmacology. Nervous System: Structure and Motor Function, vol. 5 (ed. G. A. Kerkut and L. I. Gilbert), pp. 407-437. New York: Pergamon Press.
Aidley, D. J. (1989). Structure and function in flight muscle. In Insect Flight (ed. G. Goldsworthy and C. Wheeler), pp. 31-49. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Aidley, D. J. and White, D. C. S. (1968). Oscillatory power output in a neurogenic insect muscle. In Physiological Society, 2-3 February 1968, pp. 65p-66p.
Al-Amood, W. S. and Lewis, D. M. (1987). The role of frequency in the effects of long-term intermittent stimulation of denervated slow-twitch muscle in the rat. J. Physiol. 392, 377-395.
Al-Sadoon, M. K. and Spellerberg, I. F. (1985). Effect of temperature on the oxygen consumption of lizards from different climatic regions. Amphibia-Reptilia 6, 241-258.
Al-Wassia, A. H., Innes, A. J., Whiteley, N. M. and Taylor, E. W. (1989). Aerial and aquatic respiration in the ghost crab Ocypode saratan--I. Fine structure of the respiratory surfaces, their ventilation and perfusion; oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A 94, 755-764.
Alberch, P., Gould, S. J., Oster, G. F. and Wake, D. B. (1979). Size and shape in ontogeny and phylogeny. Paleobiology 5(3), pp. 296-317.
Alcaraz, M. and Strickler, J. R. (1988). Locomotion in copepods: patterns of movements and energetics of Cyclops. Hydrobiol. 167/168, 409-414.
Aleshinsky, S. Y. (1986). An energy 'sources' and 'fractions' approach to the mechanical energy expenditure problem I. Basic concepts, description of the model, analysis of a one-link system movement. II. Movement of the multilink chain model. III. Mechanical energy expenditure reduction during one link motion. IV. Criticism of the concept of 'energy transfers within and between links' V. The mechanical energy expenditure reduction during motion of the multi-link system. J. Biomech. 19, 287-315.
Alexander, D. E. (1988). Kinematics of swimming in two species of Idotea (Isopoda: Valvifera). J. exp. Biol. 138, 37-49.
Alexander, D. E. and Chen, T. (1990). Comparison of swimming speed and hydrodynamic drag in two species of Idotea (Isopoda). J. Crustacean Biol. 10, 406-412.
Alexander, R. (1998). All-time giants: The largest animals and their problems. PALAEONTOLOGY 41, 1231-1245.
Alexander, R. (1998). Cats' paws and catapults: Mechanical worlds of nature and people, by S. Vogel. NATURE 392, 881-881.
Alexander, R. (1998). Muscle geometry. JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-LONDON 512, 315-315.
Alexander, R. (1998). Nature's purposes - Analyses of function and design in biology, by C. Allen, M. Bekoff, M. Lauder. Science 281, 927.
Alexander, R. (1999). Sluggish and drunk. NEW SCIENTIST 160, 167-184.
Alexander, R. M. (1966). Rubber-like properties of the inner hinge-ligament of Pectinidae. J. exp. Biol. 44, 119-130.
Alexander, R. M. (1971). Size and shape. In Studies in Biology, vol. 29 (ed. T. I. o. Biology). London: Edward Arnold.
Alexander, R. M. (1974). The mechanics of jumping by a dog (Canis familiaris). J. Zool., Lond. 173, 549-573.
Alexander, R. M. (1977). Terrestrial locomotion. In Mechanics and Energetics of Animal Locomotion (ed. R. M. Alexander and T. Goldspink), pp. 168-203. New York: Wiley & Sons.
Alexander, R. M. (1980). Optimum walking techniques for quadrupeds and bipeds. J. Zool., Lond. 192, 97-117.
Alexander, R. M. (1982). Locomotion of Animals. In Tertiary level biology (ed. R. M. Alexander), pp. 163. Glasow: Blackie.
Alexander, R. M. (1983). Animal Mechanics. In Biology Series, pp. 301. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific.
Alexander, R. M. (1984). Elastic energy stores in running vertebrates. Amer. Zool. 24, 85-94.
Alexander, R. M. (1984). The gaits of bipedal and quadrupedal animals. International J. of Robotics Research 3, 49-59.
Alexander, R. M. (1984). Walking and running. Am. Sci 72, 348-354.
Alexander, R. M. (1985). The maximum forces exerted by animals. J. exp. Biol. 115, 231-238.
Alexander, R. M. (1987). Bending of cylindrical animals with helical fibres in their skin or cuticle. J. theor. Biol. 124, 97-110.
Alexander, R. M. (1988). Elastic Mechanisms in Animal Movement, pp. 141. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Alexander, R. M. (1989). Mechanics of fossil vertebrates. J. Geol. Soc., Lond. 146, 41-52.
Alexander, R. M. (1989). Muscles for the job. New Scientist 1660, 50-53.
Alexander, R. M. (1989). Optimization and gaits in the locomotion of vertebrates. Physiol. Rev. 69, 1199-1227.
Alexander, R. M. (1990). Optimum take-off techniques for high and long jumps. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 329, 3-10.
Alexander, R. M. (1990). Three uses for springs in legged locomotion. Int. J. Rob. Res. 9, 53-61.
Alexander, R. M. (1991). Optimum timing of muscle activation for simple models of throwing. J. theor. Biol. 150, 349-372.
Alexander, R. M. (1992). Exploring Biomechanics, pp. 247. New York: Scientific American Library.
Alexander, R. M. (1992). Mechanics of Animal Locomotion. In Advances in Comparative and Environmental Physiology, vol. 11, pp. 304. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
Alexander, R. M. (1992). A model of bipedal locomotion on compliant legs. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 338, 189-198.
Alexander, R. M. (1992). Optimization of skeletal structure in vertebrates. Belg. J. Zool. 122, 23-29.
Alexander, R. M. (1992). Simple models of walking and jumping. Human Movement Science 11, 3-9.
Alexander, R. M. (1992). The work that muscles can do. Nature 357, 360-361.
Alexander, R. M. (1993). Optimization of structure and movement of the legs of animals. J. Biomechanics 26, 1-6.
Alexander, R. M. (1994). Bouncing along. New Scientist 144, COV3.
Alexander, R. M. (1994). The flight of the pterosaur. Nature 371, 12-13.
Alexander, R. M. (1995). Leg design and jumping technique for humans, other vertebrates and insects. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 347, 235-248.
Alexander, R. M. (1995). Running and jumping by athletes and animals. In International Congress of Comparative Physiology, pp. 3-9.
Alexander, R. M. (1995). Simple models of human movement. Appl Mech Rev 48, 461-469.
Alexander, R. M. (1995). Springs for wings. Science 268, 50-51.
Alexander, R. M. (1995). Tendon elasticity and positional control. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18, 745.
Alexander, R. M. (1997). Optimizing Tendon Compliance for Cyclic Movements. Journal of Applied Biomechanics 13, 416-483.
Alexander, R. M. (1997). Optimum muscle design for oscillatory movements. J. theor. Biol. 184, 253-259.
Alexander, R. M. (1997). A Theory of Mixed Chains Applied to Safety Factors in Biological Systems. J. theor. Biol. 184, 247-252.
Alexander, R. M. (1997). The U, J and L of bird flight. Nature 390, 13.
Alexander, R. M. and Bennet-Clark, H. C. (1977). Storage of elastic strain energy in muscle and other tissues. Nature 265, 114-117.
Alexander, R. M., Dimery, N. J. and Ker, R. F. (1985). Elastic structures in the back and their role in galloping in some mammals. J. Zool., Lond. 207, 467-482.
Alexander, R. M. and Goldspink, G. (1977). Mechanics and Energetics of Animal Locomotion, pp. 346. London: Chapman and Hall.
Alexander, R. M. and Jayes, A. S. (1978). Vertical movements in walking and running. J. Zool., Lond. 185, 27-40.
Alexander, R. M. and Jayes, A. S. (1983). A dynamic similarity hypothesis for the gaits of quadrupedal mammals. J. Zool., Lond. 201, 135-152.
Alexander, R. M., Jayes, A. S. and Ker, R. F. (1980). Estimates of energy cost for quadrupedal running gaits. J. Zool., Lond. 190, 155-192.
Alexander, R. M., Ker, R. F. and Bennett, M. B. (1990). Optimum stiffness of leg bones. J. Zool., Lond. 222, 471-478.
Alexander, R. M. and Vernon, A. (1975). Mechanics of hopping by kangaroos (Macropodidae). J. Zool., Lond. 177, 265-303.
Alp, P. R., Newsholme, E. A. and Zammit, V. A. (1976). Activities of citrate synthase and NAD+-linked and NADP+-linked isocitrate dehydrogenase in muscle from vertebrates and invertebrates. Biochem. J. 154, 689-700.
Alsop, D. W. (1978). Comparative analysis of the intrinsic leg musculature of the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana (L.). J. Morph. 158, 199-242.
Altringham, J. and Block, B. (1997). Why do tuna maintain elevated slow muscle temperatures? Power
output of muscle isolated from endothermic and ectothermic fish. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY 200, 2617-2627.
Altringham, J. D. and Johnston, I. A. (1990). Modelling muscle power output in a swimming fish. J. exp. Biol. 148, 395-402.Altringham, J. D. and Young, I. S. (1991). Power output and the frequency of oscillatory work in mammalian, diaphragm muscle: the effects of animal size. J. exp. Biol. 157, 381-389.
Ambrosoli, G. and Cerretelli, P. (1973). The anaerobic recovery of frog muscle. Pflugers Arch. 345, 131-143.
Amos, L. A. (1985). Structure of muscle filaments studied by electron microscopy. Ann. Rev. Biophys. Chem. 14, 291-313.
Amsellem, J. and Clement, P. (1976). Caracteristiques ultrastructurales et vitesse de contraction des muscles squelettiques longitudinaux d'un Rotifere. J. Microscopie et de Biologie Cellulaire 26, 2a.
An, K. N., Kwak, B. M., Chao, E. Y. and Morrey, B. F. (1984). Determination of muscle and joint forces: a new technique to solve the indeterminate problem. J. Biomech. Eng. 106, 364-367.
Anderson, B. D., Feder, M. E. and Full, R. J. (1988). Energetics of sustained walking versus hopping in the toad, Bufo woodhousei fowleri. Amer. Zool. 28, 103A.
Anderson, B. D., M.E, F. and Full, R. J. (1991). Consequences of a gait change in toads. J. exp Biol 158, 133-148.
Anderson, B. D., Shultz, J. W. and Jayne, B. C. (1995). Axial kinematics and muscle activity during terrestrial locomotion of the centipede scolopendra heros. J. Exp. Biol. 198, 1185-1195.
Anderson, E. J., MacGillivray, P. S. and DeMont, M. E. (1997). Scallop Shells Exhibit Optimization of Riblet Dimensions for Drag Reduction. Biol. Bull. 192, 341-344.
Anderson, F. C. and Pandy, M. G. (in publication). Storage and utilization of elastic strain energy during jumping.
Anderson, J. F. and Prestwich, K. N. (1982). Respiratory gas exchange in spiders. Physiol. Zool. 55, 72-90.
Anderson, J. F. and Prestwich, K. N. (1985). The physiology of exercise at and above maximal aerobic capacity in a theraphosid (tarantula) spider, Brachypelma smithi (F.O. Pickard-Cambridge). J. Comp. Physiol. B 155, 529-539.
Anderson, M., Cochrane, D. G., Elder, H. Y., Josephson, R. K. and Usherwood, P. N. R. (1970). Structure and function of phasic and tonic muscle fibres in locusts and grasshoppers. In Physiological Society, September 1970, pp. 16p-17p.
Anderson, M. E. and Johnston, I. A. (1992). Scaling of power output in fast muscle fibres of the atlantic cod during cyclical contractions. J. exp. Biol. 170, 143-154.
Andrews, R. M. and Pough, F. H. (1985). Metabolism of squamate reptiles: allometric and ecological relationships. Physiol. Zool. 58, 214-231.
Andriacchi, T. P., Andersson, G. B. J., Ortengren, R. and Mikosz, R. P. (1984). A study of factors influencing muscle activity about the knee joint. J. Orthop. Res. 1, 266-275.
Angle, C. (1991). Design of an artificial creature: MIT.
Arbas, E. A. (1983). Aerial manoeuvring reflexes in flightless grasshoppers. J. exp. Biol. 107, 509-513.
Arbas, E. A., Meinertzhagen, I. A. and Shaw, S. R. (1991). Evolution in nervous systems. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 14, 9-38.
Arch, J. R. S. and Newshome, E. A. (1978). Activities and some properties of 5'-nucleotidase, adenosine kinase and adenosine deaminase in tissues from vertebrates and invertebrates in relation to the control of the concentration and the physiological role of adenosine. Biochem. J. 174, 965-977.
Archer, S. D. and Johnston, I. A. (1991). Density of cristae and distribution of mitochondria in the slow muscle fibers of Antarctic fish. Physiol. Zool. 64, 242-258.
Arkett, S. A., Mackie, G. O. and Singla, C. L. (1987). Neuronal control of ciliary locomotion in a gastropod veliger (Calliostoma). Biol. Bull. 173, 513-526.
Arkin, R. C. (1989). Motor schema-based mobile robot navigation. Int. J. Robot. Res. 8, 92-112.
Armada, M. and Gonzales de Santos, P. (1997). Climbing, walking, and intervention robots. Industrial Robot 24, 158-163.
Armstrong, R. B., Saubert IV, C. W., Seeherman, H. J. and Taylor, C. R. (1982). Distribution of fiber types in locomotory muscles of dogs. Am. J. Anatomy 163, 87-98.
Arnold, J. W. (1974). Adaptive features on the tarsi of cockroaches (insecta: dictyoptera). Int. J. Insect Morphol. & Embryol. 3(3/4), 317-334.
Arnold, S. J. (1983). Morphology, performance and fitness. Amer. Zool. 23, 347-361.
Arnold, S. J. and Bennett, A. F. (1988). Behavioural variation in natural populations. V. Morphological correlates of locomotion in the garter snake (Thamnophis radix). Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 34, 175-190.
Arrott, A. P., Young, L. R. and Merfeld, D. M. (1990). Perception of linear acceleration in weightlessness. Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 61, 319-326.
Arshavsky, Y. I., Beloozerova, I. N., Orlovcky, G. N., Panchin, Y. V. and Pavlova, G. A. (1985). Control of locomotion in marine mollusc Clione limacina I. Efferent activity during actual and fictitious swimming. Exp. Brain Res. 58, 255-262.
Arshavsky, Y. I., Beloozerova, I. N., Orlovsky, G. N., Panchin, Y. V. and Pavlova, G. A. (1985). Control of locomotion in marine mollusc Clione limacina II. Rhythmic neurons of pedal ganglia. Exp. Brain Res. 58, 263-272.
Arshavsky, Y. I., Beloozerova, I. N., Orlovsky, G. N., Panchin, Y. V. and Pavlova, G. A. (1985). Control of locomotion in marine mollusc Clione limacina III. On the origin of locomotory rhythm. Exp. Brain Res. 58, 273-284.
Arshavsky, Y. I., Beloozerova, I. N., Orlovsky, G. N., Panchin, Y. V. and Pavlova, G. A. (1985). Control of locomotion in marine mollusc Clione limacina IV. Role of type 12 interneurons. Exp. Brain Res. 58, 285-293.
Arshavsky, Y. I., Orlovsky, G. N. and Panchin, Y. V. (1985). Control of locomotion in marine mollusc - Clione limacina. V. Photoinactivation of efferent neurons. Esp. Brain Res. 59, 203-205.
Arthur, P. G., Hogan, M. C., Bebout, D. E., Wagner, P. D. and Hochachka, P. W. (1992). Modeling the effects of hypoxia on ATP turnover in exercising muscle. J. Appl. Physiol. 73, 737-742.
Arthur, P. G., West, T. G., Brill, R. W., Schulte, P. M. and Hochachka, P. W. (1992). Recovery metabolism of skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) white muscle: rapid and parallel changes in lactate and phosphocreatine after exercise. Can. J. Zool. 71, 1230-1239.
Ashcroft, F. M. (1981). Calcium action potentials in the skeletal muscle fibres of the stick insect Carausius morosus. J. exp. Biol. 93, 257-267.
Ashcroft, F. M. and Stanfield, P. R. (1982). Calcium and potassium currents in muscle fibers of an insect. J. Physiol. 323, 93-116.
Ashhurst, D. E. (1967). The fibrillar flight muscles of giant water-bugs: an electron-microscope study. J. Cell Sci. 2, 435-444.
Ashley, C. T. J., Wilkinson, K. D., Reines, D. and Warren, S. T. (1993). FMR 1 protein: conserved RNP family domains and selective RNA binding. Science 262, 563-564.
AshleyRoss, M. and Lauder, G. (1997). Motor patterns and kinematics during backward walking in the
Pacific Giant Salamander: Evidence for novel motor output. JOURNAL OF NEUROPHYSIOLOGY 78, 3047-3060.
Askew, G. and Marsh, R. (1997). The effects of length trajectory on the mechanical power output of
mouse skeletal muscles. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY 200, 3119-3131.
Askew, G., Young, I. and Altringham, J. (1997). Fatigue of mouse soleus muscle, using the work loop technique. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY 200, 2907-2912.
Asplund, K. K. (1970). Metabolic scope and body temperature of whiptail lizards (Cnemidophorus). Herpetologica 26, 403-411.
Astrand, I., Astrand, P., Christensen, E. H. and Hedman, R. (1960). Intermittent muscular work. Acta physiol. scand. 48, 448-453.
Atwood, H. L. (1973). An attempt to account for the diversity of Crustacean muscles. Amer. Zool. 13, 357-378.
Atwood, H. L. (1976). Organization and synaptic physiology of crustacean neuromuscular systems. Progress in Neurobiology 7, 291-391.
Atwood, H. L., Hoyle, G. and Smyth, J., T. (1965). Mechanical and electrical responses of single innervated crab-muscle fibres. J. Physiol. 180, 449-482.
Atwood, H. L. and Lnenicka, G. A. (1987). Role of activity in determining properties of the neuromuscular system in crustaceans. Amer. Zool. 27, 977-989.
Auber-Thomay, M. (1963). Remarques sur l'ultrastructure des myofibrilles chez des scorpions. J. Microsc. (Paris) 2, 233-236.
Audu, M. L. and Davy, D. T. (1985). The influence of muscle model complexity in musculoskeletal motion modelling. J. Biomech. Eng. 107, 147-157.
Autumn, K. (1999). Secondarily diurnal geckos return to cost of locomotion typical of diurnal lizards. Phys and Biochem Zoology 72, 339-351.
Autumn, K., Farley, C., Emshwiller, M. and Full, R. J. (1997). Low cost of locomotion in the banded gecko: a test of the nocturnal hypothesis. Physiol. Zool 70, 660-669.
Autumn, K., Jindrich, D., DeNardo, D. and Mueller, R. (1999). Locomotor performance at low temperature and the evolution of nocturnality in geckos. Evolution 53, 580-599.
Autumn, K., Weinstein, R. and Full, R. J. (1994). Low cost of locomotion increases performance in a nocturnal lizard. Physiol. Zool. 67, 237-261.
Azuma, A., Azuma, S., Watanabe, I. and Furuta, T. (1985). Flight mechanics of a dragonfly. J. exp. Biol. 116, 79-107.
Azuma, A. and Watanabe, T. (1988). Flight performance of a dragonfly. J. exp. Biol. 137, 221-252.
back to top
| A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K |
