Flying References

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Alexander, R. M. 1971. Size and Shape. London: Edward Arnold.

Baker, P. S. and Cooter, R. J. (1979) The natural flight of the migratory locust, Locustamigratoria L. J. comp. Physiol. A 131, 79-87 (two papers).

Blick, E. R, D. Watson, G. Belie, and H. Chu. 1974. Bird aerodynamic experiments. In Swimming and flying in nature, ed. T. Y.-T-Wu, C. J. Brokaw, and G- Brennen, vol. 2. New York,: Plenum Press.

Boel, M. (1929). Scientific studies of natural flight. Trans. Am. Soc. mech. Eng. 51, 217-42.

Brown, R. H. J. (1963). The flight of birds. Biol. Rev. 38, 460-89.

Bramwell, C. D., and G. R. Whitfield, 1.974. Biomechanics of Pteranodon. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 267:503-592.

Cloupeau, M., Devillers, J . F. and Devezeaux, D. (1979) Direct measurements of instantaneous lift in desert locust; comparison with Jensen's experiments on detached wings. J. exp. Biol. 80,1-15.

Dudley, R., and C. P. Ellington (1990). Mechanics of forward flight in bumblebees (two papers). Journal of Experimental Biology 148. 19-88.

Ellington, C. P. (1984). The aerodynamics of hovering insect flight. 111. Kinematics. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 305: 41-78.

Ellington, C. P, K. E. Machin, and T. M. Casey (1990). Oxygen consumption of bumblebees in forward flight. Nature 347: 472-473.

Ellington, C. P. (1978) The aerodynamics of normal hovering flight: three approaches, in Comparative Physiology-Water, Ions and Fluid Mechanics (ed. K. Schmidt-Nielsen, L. Bolis and S. H. P. Maddrell) 327-345.: Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Ennos, A. R. 1989. The kinematics and aerodynamics of the free flight of some diptera. J. Exp. Biol. 142: 49-85.

Feinsinger, P, R. K. Colwell, J. Terborgh, and S. B. Chaplin. 1979. Elevation and the morphology, flight energetics, and foraging ecology of tropical hummingbirds. Am. Nat. 113:481 - 497.

Fisher, H. I. 1957. Bony mechanism of automatic flexion and extension in the pigeon's wing. Science 126:446.

Gould, L. L. 1972. Formation flight in the Canada goose (Branta c. canadensis). Masters thesis, University of Rhode Island.

Graham, R. 1934. The silent flight of owls. J. Roy. Aeronaut. Soc. 38:837-843.

Greenewalt, C. H. 1962. Dimensional relationships for flying animals. Smith. Misc. Colls. 144:1 - 46.

Greenewalt, C. H. 1975. The flight of birds. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 65, pt. 4:1-67.

Hankin, E. H. 19 13. Animal flight. London: Iliffe and Sons.

Heppner, F. H. 1974. Avian flight formation. Bird Banding 45:160 - 169.

Hertel, H. 1966. Structure-form-movement. New York: Reinhold.

Higdon, J. J. L., and S. Corrsin. 1978. Induced drag of a bird flock. Am. Nat.112:727 - 744.

Hildebrand, M. 1982. Analysis ofvertebrate structure, 2d ed. New York: Wiley.

Hocking, B. 1953. The intrinsic range and speed of flight of insects. Trans. Roy. Ent. Soc. Lond. 104: 223-345.

Hummel, D. & Mollenstadt, W. (1977). On the calculation of the aerodynamic forces acting on a house sparrow (Passer domesticus) during downstroke by means of aerodynamic theory. Fortschr. Zool. 24,235-56.

Jenkins, F. A ., K. P. Dial, and G. E. Goslow (1988). A cineradiographic analysis of bird flight: the wishbone in starlings is a spring. Science 241: 1495-1498.

Jepsen. G. L. 1970. Bat origins and evolution. In Biology of bats, ed. W. A. Wimsatt, vol. f. New York: Academic Press.

Jensen,.M. (1956). Biology and physics of locust flight. 111. The aerodynamics of locust flight. Phil. Trans. R. Soc., Ser. B , 239, 511-52.

Kokshaysky, N. V. (1979) Tracing the wake of a flying bird. Nature 279, 146~148.

Lawson, D. A. 1975. A pterosaur from the latest Cretaceous of West Texas: discovery of the largest flying.reature. Science 187:947-948.

Lighthill, M. J. (1973). On the Weis-Fogh mechanism of lift -generation. J. Fluid Mech. 60, 1-17.

Lighthill, M. J. 1975. Aerodynamic aspects. of animal flight. In Swimming and flying in nature, ed. T. Y,T. Wu, C. - J. Brokaw, and C. Brennen, vol. .2. New York: Plenum Press.

Lighthill, J. (1977) Introduction to the scaling of aerial locomotion, in Pedley (1977) 365-404.

Lissaman, P. B. S. 1983. Low-Reynolds-number airfoils. Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech. 15:223-39.

Lissaman, P. B. S., and C. A. Schollenberg. 1970. Formation flight of birds. Science 168:003 - 5.

Machin, K. E. and J.. W. S. Pringle (1959). The physiology of insect fibrillar muscle. II. Mechanical properties of a beetle flight muscle. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 151: 204-225.

McGahan, J. (1973) Flapping flight of the Andean condor in nature. J. exp. Biol. 58, 239-253.

McMasters, J. H. 1976. Aerodynamics of the long pterosaur wing. Science 191:899.

Nachtigall, W. (1974b). Insects in Flight. London: George Allen & Unwin.

Nachtigall, W & U. Hanauer-Thieser. 1992. Flight of the honeybee. V. Drag and lift coefficients of the bee's body: Implications for flight dynamics. J. Comp. Physiol. B. 162: 267-77.

Norberg, U. M. 1969. An arrangement giving a stiff leading edge to the hand wing in bats. J. Mammal. 50:766-770.

Norberg, U. M.1970. Functional osteology and myology of the wing of Plecotus auritus Linnaeus (Chiroptera). Ark. Zool. 22:483-543.

Norberg, U. M. 1972. Bat wing structures important for aerodynamics and rigidity. (Mammalia, Chiroptera). Z. Morph. Tiere 73:45 - 61.

Norberg, U. M. (1975). Hovering flight in the pied flycatcher (Ficedula hypoleuca). In T. Y. -T. Wu, C. J. Brokaw, and C. Brennen (eds), Swimming and Flying in Nature 2: 869-88 1. New York: Plenum.

Norberg, U. M. (1976) Some advanced flight manoeuvres of bats. J. exp. Biol. 64,489-495.

Norberg, U. M. 1976a. Aerodynamics, kinematics, and energetics of horizontal flapping flight in the long-eared bat Plecotus auritus. J. Exp. Biol. 65:179 - 212.

Norberg, U. M. 1976b. Aerodynamics of hovering flight in the long-eared bat Plecotus auritus. J. Exp. Biol. 65:459--470.

Norberg, U. M. 1979. Morphology of the wings, legs and tail of three coniferous forest tits, the goldcrest and the treecreeper in relation to locomotor pattern, and feeding station selection. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 287:131 ~ 165.

Norberg, U. M. 1981a. Allometry of bat wings and legs and comparison with birds. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 292:359-398.

Norberg, U. M. 198lb. Flight, morphology and the ecological niche in some birds and bats. Symp. Zool. Soc. Lond. 48:173-197.

Norberg, U. M. (1989). Vertebrate Flight: Mechanics, Physiology, Morphology, Ecology and Evolution. Berlin: Springer.

Norberg, U. M. 1990. Vertebratte Flight: Mechanics, Physiology, Morphology, Ecology and Evolution. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.

Odum, E. P., C. E. Connell, and H. L. Stoddard. 196 1. Flight energy and estimated flight ranges of some migratory birds. Auk 78:515 - 527.

Oehme, H., H. H. Dathe, and U. KitzIer.1977. Research on biophysics and physiology of bird flight. 1V. Flight energetics in birds. Fortschr. Zool. 24:257 - 273.

Osborne, M. F. M. (1951). Aerodynamics of flapping flight with applications to insects. J. exp. Biol. 28, 221-45.

Pedley, T. J. (ed.) (1977). Scale Effects in Animal Locomotion. London: Academic Press.

Pennycuick, C. J. (1968) A wind-tunnel study of gliding flight in the pigeon Columba livia. J. exp. Biol. 49, 509-526.

Pennycuick, C. J. (1968). Power requirements for horizontal flight in the pigeon

Pennycuick, C. J. 1969. The mechanics of bird migration. Ibis 111:525 - 556.

Pennycuick, C. J. (1972).Animal Flight. London: Edward Arnold.

Pennycuick, C. J. (1975) Mechanics of flight, in Avian Biology (ed. D. S. Farner and J. R.. King) 5, 1-75, Academic Press, New York.

Pennycuick, C. J. (1982). The flight of petrels and albatrosses (Procellarfiformes), observed in South Georgia and, its vicinity. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 300: 75-106.

Pennycuick, C. J. (1983). Thermal soaring compared in three dissimilar tropical bird species, Fregata magn~ficens, Pelicanus occidentalis and Coragyps dtratus. Journal of Experimental Biology 102: 307-325.

Pennycuick, C. J. and Lock, A. (1976) Elastic energy storage in primary feather shafts. J. exp. Biol. 64, 677-689.

Pennycuick, C. J. 1989. Bird flight performance: a practical calculation manual. New York: Oxford University Press.

Pringle, J. W.S. 1957. Insect Flight. Cammbridge University Press.

Rayner, J. M. V. 1977. The intermittent flight of birds. In Scale effects of animal locomotion, ed. T. J. Pedley. London: Academic Press.

Rayner, J. M. V. (1979) A new approach to animal flight mechanics. J. exp. Biol. 80, 17-54.

Rayner, J. M. V. 1979A. A vortex theory of animal flight. 1. The vortex wake of a hovering animal. J. Fluid Mech. 91:697-730.

Rayner, J. M. V. 1979b. A vortex theory of animal flight. 11. The forward flight of birds. J. Fluid Mech. 91:731 - 763.

Rayner, J. M. V. 1981. Flight adaptations in vertebrates. Symp. Zool. Soc. Lond.48:137-172.

Rayner, J. M. V. (1985). Bounding and undulating flight in birds. Journal of Theoretical Biology 117: 47-77.

Rayner, J. M. V. (1987). Form and function in avian flight. Current Ornithology 5: 1 - 6 6.

Rayner, J. M., V. G. Jones, and A. Thomas (1986). Vortex flow visualizations reveal change in upstroke function with flight speed in bats. Nature 321: 162-164.

Ruppell, G. (1977) Bird Flight. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.

Savage, S. B., Newman,B. G. and Wong, D. T.-M. (1979) The role of vortices and unsteady effects during the hovering flight of dragonflies. J. exp. Biol. 83, 59-77.

Schmidt-Nielsen, K. 1972. Locomotion: energy cost of swimming, flying, and running. Science 177:222

Spedding, G. R. (1987). The wake of a kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) in flapping flight. Journal of Experimental Biology 127: 59-78.

Spedding, G. R., J. M. V. Rayner, and C. J. Pennycuick (1984) Momentum and energy in.the wake of a pigeon (Columba livia) in slow flight. Journal of Experimental Biology Ill: 81-102.

Torre-Bueno, J. R. & Larochelle, J. (1978). The metabolic cost of flight in unrestrained birds. J. exp. Biol. 75, 223-9.

Tucker, V. A. (1968) Respiratory exchange and evaporative water loss in the flying budgerigar. J. exp. Biol. 48,67-87.

Tucker, V. A. 1973. Bird metabolism during flight: evaluation of a theory. J. Exp. Biol. 58:689-709.

Videler, J. and A. Groenewold (1991). Field measurements of hanging flight aerodynamics in the kestrel Falco tinnunculus. Journal of Experimental Biology 155: 519-530.

Walker, G. T. (1925). The flapping flight of birds. J. R. aero. Soc. 29, 590-4.

Walker, G. T. (1927). The flapping flight of birds. 11. J. R. aero. Soc. 31, 337-42.

Weis-Fogh, T. 1965. Elasticity and wing movements in insects. Proc. 12th Int. Congr. Ent.: 186 - 188.

Weis-Fogh, T. 1972. Energetics of hovering flight in hummingbirds and in Drosophila. J. Exp. Biol. 56:79 - 104.

Weis-Fogh, T. (1973) Quick estimates of flight fitness in hovering animals, including novel mechanisms for lift production. J. exp. Biol. 59, 169-230.

Weis-Fogh, T. (1976). Energetics and aerodynamicsof flapping flight: a synthesis. Symp. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 7, 48-72.

Weis-Fogh, T. (1977). Dimensional analysis of hovering flight. In Scale Effects in Animal Locomotion, ed. T. J. Pedley, pp. 405-20. London,.Academic Press.

Weis-Fogh, T. & Jensen, M. (1956). Biology and physics of locust flight.II. Basic principles in insect flight. A critical review. Phil. Trans. R. Soc., Ser. B, 239, 415-58.

Withers, P. C. (1979). Aerodynamics and hydrodynamics of the "hovering" flight of Wilson's storm petrel. Journal of Experimental Biology 80: 83-91.

Withers, P. C. and Timko, P. L. (1977) The significance of ground effect to the aerodynamic cost of flight and energetics of the black skimmer (Rhyncops nigra). J. exp. Biol. 70, 13-26.

Wootton, R. J. (1990). The mechanical design of insect wings. Scientific American 263(5): 66-72.