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Crawling References

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Allen, R. D. (1973) Biophysical aspects of pseudopodium formation and retraction, in The Biology of Amoeba (ed. K. W. Jeon), Academic Press, New York, 201-247.

Baader, AP. Interneuronal and motor patterns during crawling behavior of semi-intact leeches. Journal of Experimental Biology, 1997 May, V200 N9:1369-1381.

Baader ap; kristan wb. Parallel pathways coordinate crawling In the medicinal leech, hirudo medicinalis. Journal of Comparative physiology a-sensory neural and behavioral Physiology, 1995 jun, v176 n6:715-726.

Bennet, S., T. McConnell and S. L. Trubatch. 1974 Quantitative analysis of the speed of snakes as a function of peg spacing. J. Exp. Biol. 60:161-165.

Berrigan d; pepin dj. How maggots move - allometry and Kinematics of crawling in larval diptera. Journal of insect Physiology, 1995 apr, v41 n4:329-337.

Bitis peringueyi (Boulenger), with speculations on the origin of sidewinding. Ann. Transvaal Mus. 24:19 - 24.

Bogert, C. M. 1947. Rectilinear locomotion in snakes Copeia 1947:253-254.

Brain, C. K. 1960. Observations on the locomotion of the Southwest African adder,

Carroll, R. L, and P. J. Currie. 1975. Microsaurs as possible apodan ancestors. J. Linn. Soc. Zool. 57:229 - 247.

Chodrow, R. E., and C. R. Taylor. 1973. Energetic cost of limbless locomotion in snakes. Federation Proc. 32:422.

Cowles, R. B. 1956. Sidewinding locomotion in snakes. Copeia 1956:211-214.

Denny, M. (1980). The role of gastropod pedal mucus in locomotion. Nature. 285: 160-161.

Engelmann, W. E., and F. J. Obst. 1981. Snakes., New York: Exeter.

Gans, C. 1962, Terrestrial locomotion without limbs. Am. Zool. 2:167-182.

Gans, C. 1970. How snakes move. Sci..Am. 223:82-96.

Gans, C.1973. Locomotion and burrowing. in limbless vertebrates. Nature 242:414-415.

Gans, C.1974. Biomechanics: an approach to.vertebratebiology. Philadelphia: Lippincott.

Gans, C. 1975. Tetrapod limblessness:, evolution and functional corollaries. Am. Zool. 15:455 - 467.

Gans, C, and D. Baic. 1977. Regional specialization of reptilian scale surfaces: relation of texture and biologic role. Science 195,:1348 - 50.

Gans, G, and H. Mendelssohn. 1972. Sidewinding and jumping progression of vipers. In Toxins of animal and plant origin, ed. A. deVries and R Kochva. London: Gordon and Breach.

Gans, C, H. C. Dessauer, and D. Baic. 1978. Axial differences in the musculature of uropeltid snakes: the freight-train approach to burrowing. Science 199:189-192.

Gasc, J-P. 1974. L'interpretation fonctionnelle de l'appareil musculo-squelettique de l'axe vertebrale chez les serpents (Reptilia). Mem. Mus..Natl. d'Hist. Nat. ser. A, 83:1-182.

Gasc, J-P.1981. Axial musculature. In Biology of the Reptilia, ed. C. Gans, vol. 11. New York: Academic Press.

Gaymer, R. 1971. New method of locomotion in limbless terrestrial vertebrates. Nature 234:150 - 152.

Gray, J. 1946. The mechanism of locomotion in snakes.J. Exp. Biol. 23:101-120.

Gray, J., and H. W. Lissmann. 1950. The kinetics of locomotion of the grass-snake. J. Exp. Biol. 26:354-367.

Jayne, B. C. 1982. Comparative morphology of the semispinalis-spinalis muscle of snakes and correlations with locomotion and constriction. J. Morph. 172:83-96.

Jones, H. D. and Trueman, E. R. (1970) Locomotion of the limpet, Patella vulgata L. J. exp. Biol. 52, 201-216.

Lissmann, H. W. 1950. Rectilinear. locomotion in a snake (Boa occidentalis). J. Exp. Biol. 26:368 - 379.

Seymour, M. K. (1969) Locomotion and coelomic pressure in Lumbricus terrestris L. J. exp. Biol. 51, 47-58.

Trueman, E. R. (1975) The Locomotion of Soft-Bodied Animals. Edward: Arnold, London.

Trueman, er; Brown ac. Pedal function in nassariid gastropods - crawling and burrowing in cyclope-neritea. Journal of Experimental marine biology and ecology, 1992, v157 n2:211-224.

Walton, M., B. C. Jayne, and A. F. Bennett (1990). The energetic cost of limbless locomotion. Science. 249: 524-527.