Climbing References

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Alberch, P. 1981. Convergence and parallelism in foot morphology in the Neotropical salamander genus, Bolitoglossa. I. Function. Evol. 35: 84-100.

Andrews, D. H., and R. J. Kokes. 1962. Fundamental chemistry. New York: Wiley.

Barnett, C. H., and J. R. Napier. 1953. The form and mobility of the fibula in metatherian mammals. J. Anat. 87: 207-213.

Barnes, W.P. "Mechanisms of Adhesion in Tree Frogs: An Allometric Study." Journal of Morphology, v.232:3, (1997): p. 232.

Bauer, A.M. "Morphology of the Adhesive Tail Tips of Carphodactyline Geckos (Reptilia: Diplodactylidae)." Journal of Morphology, v.235:1, (1998): pp. 41-58.

Benton, R. S. 1967. Morphological evidence for adaptation within the epaxial region of the primates. In The baboon in medical research., ed. H. Vagtborg, vol. 2. Austin: University of Texas Press.

Biegert, J. 1961. Volarhaut der Hande und Risse. In Primatologia, ed. H. Hofer, A. H. Schultz, and D. Starck, vol.. 2, pt.1, no. 3. Basel: Karger.

Biegert, J. 1963. The evaluation of characteristics of the skull, hands, and feet for primate taxonomy. In Classification and human evolution, ed. S. L. Washburn. Chicago: Aldine.

Biegert, and R. Maurer. 1972. Rumpfskelettlange, Allometrien und Karperproportionen bei catarrhinen Primaten. Folia Primatol. 17: 142-156.

Biewener, A. A. 1982. Bone strength in small mammals and bipedal birds: do safety factors change with body size? J. Exp. Biol. 98: 289-301.

Bishop, A. 1964. Use of the hand in lower primates. In Evolutionary and genetic biology of primates, ed. J. Buettnerjanusch, vol. 2. New York: Academic Press.

Bock, W. J., and W. D. Miller. 1959. The scansorial foot of the woodpeckers, with comments on the evolution of perching and climbing feet in birds. Am. Mus. Novit. 1931: 1-45.

Boker, H. 1932. Beobachten und Untersuchungen an Saugetieren wahrend einer biologisch-anatomischen Forschungreise nach Brasilien im jahre 1928. Gegenbaurs morph. Jahrb. 70: 1-66.

Bowden, F. P. and D. Tabor. 1973. Friction: an introduction to tribology. Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor Press: Doubleday.

Carpenter, CR. Suspensory Behavior in Gibbons. Gibbons and Siamangs Vol. 4. 1976

Cartmill, M. 1974. Pads and claws in arboreal locomo tion. In Primate locomotion, ed. F. A. Jenkins, Jr. New York: Academic Press.

Cartmill, M. 1975. Primate evolution: analysis of trends. Science 189: 229-230.

Cartmill, M. 1979. The volar skin of primates: its frictional characteristics and their functional significance. Am. J. Phys. Anthrop. 50: 497-510.

Cartmill, M., and K. Milton. 1977. The lorisiform wrist joint and the evolution of "brachiating" adaptations in the Hominoidea. Am. J. Phys. Anthrop. 47: 249-272

Chang, YH et al. A Dynamic Force and Moment Analysis System for Brachiation. Journal of Experimental Biology, 1997

Charles-Dominique, P. 1977. Ecology and behaviour of nocturnal primates. New York: Columbia University Press.

Coimbra-Filho, A. R, and R.. A. Mittermeier. 1976. Exudate-eating and tree-gouging in marmosets. Nature 262: 630.

Cummins, H., and C. Midlo. 1943. Fingerprints, palms and soles: an introduction to dermatoglyphics. New York: Dover (reprinted, 1961).

Dankmeijer, J. 1938. Zur biologischen Anatomie der Hautleisten bei den Beuteltieren. Gegenbaurs Morph. Jahrb. 82: 293-312.

Dixon and Croghan. 1990. The mechanism by which aphids adhere to smooth surfaces. J. exp. Biol 152:243-253

Dunn, E. R. 1931. The disc-winged bat (Thyroptera) in Panama. J. Mammal. 12: 429-430.

Elton S, Foley R, Ulijaszek SJ 1998. Habitual energy expenditure of human climbing and clambering ANN HUM BIOL 25: (6) 523-5

Emerson, S. B., and D. Diehl. 1980. Toe pad morphology and mechanisms of sticking in frogs. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. Lond. 13: 199-216.

Emmons, L. H. 1981. Morphological, ecological, and behavioral adaptations for arboreal browsing in Dactylomys dactylinus (Rodentia Echimyidae). J. Mammal. 62: 183-189.

Erikson, G. E. 1963. Brachiation in New World monkeys and in anthropoid apes. Symp. Zool. Soc. Lond. 10: 135-164.

Fleagle, J. G., and R. A. Mittermeier. 1980. Locomotor behavior, body size, and comparative ecology of seven Surinam monkeys. Am. J. Phys. Anthrop. 52: 301-314.

Flower, W. H. 1885. An introduction to the osteology of the Mammalia. London: Macmillan.

Ganslosser, U. 1980. Vergleichende Untersuchungen zur, Kletterfahigkeit einiger Baumkanguruh-Arten (Dendrolagus, Marsupialia). Zool. Anzeiger. 205: 43-66.

Garber, P. A. 1980. Locomotor behavior and feeding ecology of the Panamanian tamarin (Saguinus oedipus geofroyi,, Callitrichidae, Primates) Int.. J. Primatol. 1: 185-201.

Green, D. M. 1981. Adhesion and the toe-pads of treefrogs. Copeia 1981: 790-796.

Green, D. M., and P. Alberch. 1981. Interdigital webbing and skin rnorphology in the Neotropical salamander genus Bolitoglossa (Amphibia, Plethodontidae). J. Morph. 170: 273-282.

Haines, R. W. 1955. The anatomy of the hand of certain insectivores. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 125: 761-777.

Hall-Craggs, E. C. B. 1966. Rotational movements in the foot of Galago senegalensis. Anat. Record 154: 287-294.

Hamrick, Mark W. Functional and Adaptive Significance of Primate Pads and Claws: Evidence From New World Anthropoids. American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 1998

Hershkovitz, P. 1970. Notes on Tertiary platyrrhine monkeys and description of a new genus from the Miocene of Columbia. Folia Primatol. 12: 1-37.

Hershkovitz, P. 1977. Living New World monkeys (Platyrrhini), with an introduction to Primates,vol. 1. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Hildebrand, M. 1978. Insertions and functions of certain flexor muscles in the hind leg of rodents. J. Morph. 155: 111-122.

Hildebrand, M. 1982. Analysis of vertebrate structure, 2nd ed. New York: Wiley.

Hill, W. C. 0. 1953. Primates: comparative anatomy and taxonomy. I. Strepsirhini. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

Hiller, U. 1968. Untersuchungen zum Feinbau und zur Funktion der Haftborsten von Reptilien. Z. Morph. Tiere 62: 307-362.

Jenkins, F. A., Jr. 1970. Anatomy and function of expanded ribs in certain edentates and primates. J. Mammal. 51: 288-301.

Jenkins, F. A., Jr. 1971. The postcranial skeleton of African cynodonts: problems in the early evolution of the mammalian postcranial skeleton. Peabody Mus. Bull. 36: 1-216.

Jenkins, F. A., Jr. 1974.. Tree shrew locomotion and the origins of primate arborealism. In Primate locomotion, ed. F. A. Jenkins, Jr. New York: Academic Press.

Jenkins, F. A., Jr. 1981. Wrist rotation in primates: a critical adaptation for brachiators. Symp. Zool.Soc. Lond. 48: 429-451.

Jenkins, F. A., Jr., and F. R. Parrington. 1976. The postcranial skeletons of the Triassic mammals Eozostrodon, MegazoStrodon and Erythrotherium. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 273: 387-431.

Jenkins and McClearn. 1984. Mechanisms of hind foot reversal in climbing mammals. J. Morph. 182:197-219

Jensen, A., and H. H. Chenoweth. 1967. Applied strength of materials. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Johnson, R. G. 1955. The adaptive and phylogenetic significance of vertebral form in snakes. Evol. 9: 367-388.

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Jullien, R. 1968. Evolution des supports osseux et musculaires de la prehension au pled des Dendromurinae arboricoles. Mammalia 32: 276-306.

Jungers, W. L. 1978. The functional significance of skeletal allometry in Megaladapis in comparison to living prosimians. Am. J. Phys. Anthrop. 49: 303-314.

Jungers, W. L. 1985. Allometry of the limbs in primates. In Size and scaling in primate biology, ed. W. L. Jungers. New York: Plenum.

Kay, R. F. 1973. Mastication, molar tooth structure, and diet in primates. Ph.D. diss., Yale University.

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Kidd, W. 1907. The sense of touch in mammals and birds, With special reference to the Papillary ridges. London: Adam and Charles Black.

Kingdon, J. 1971. East African mammals: an atlas of evolution in Africa, vol. 1. London: Academic Press.

Kitizey, W. G., A. L. Rosenberger, and M. Ramirez. 1975. Vertical clinging and leaping in a Neotropical anthropoid. Nature 255: 327-328.

Lauff, R.F., et. al. "Topography of the Digital Cutaneous Sensilla of the Tokay Gecko, Gekko gecko (Reptilia, Gekkonidae), and Their Potential Role in Locomotion." Canadian Journal of Zoology, v.71:12, (1993): pp. 2462-2472.

Le Gros Clark, W. E. 1936. The problem of the claw in primates. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1936: 1 -24.

Le Gros Clark, W. E. 1971. The antecedents of man: an introduction to the evolution of the primates, 3rd ed. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

Lewis, 0. J. 1972. Evolution of the hominoid wrist. In The functional and evolutionary biology of primates, ed. R. H. Tuttle. Chicago: Aldine Atherton.

Leyhausen, P. 1963. Cber sfidamerikanische Pardelkatzen. Z. Tierpsychol. 20: 627-640.

Loveridge, A. 1956. Forest safari. London: Lutterworth Press.

Mendel, F. C. 1979. The wrist joint of two-toed sloths and its relevance to brachiating adaptations in the Hominoidea. J. Morph. 162: 413-424.

Musser, G. G. 1972. The species of Hapalomys (Rodentia, Muridae). Am. Mus. Novit. 2503: 1-27.

Napier, J. R. 1967. Evolutionary aspects of primate locomotion. Am. J. Phys. Anthrop. 27: 333-342.

Noble, G. K. 1931. The biology of the Amphibia. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Noble, G. K., and R. Jaeckle. 1928. The digital pads of the tree frogs: a study of the phylogenesis of an adaptive structure. J. Morph. 45: 259-292.

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Peterka, H. E. 1937. A study of the myology and osteology of tree sciurids with regard to adaptation to arboreal, glissant and fossorial habits. Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci. 39: 313-332.

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